C. Teonaht Adverbs

This page on adverbs gives information on the following topics:

Brief Introduction:

As a rule, adverbs precede the verbs and adjectives they modify, with the exception of vera, "not" in simple negating sentences:

Li etõn ven rendaruon.
"The tree well grows."
Li tamol poy pamuis.
"The child very sick (is)."
Õl elfy den vera.
"You did not tell me. (Me you told not)."
In imperatives, though, the vera precedes:
Vera vektof!
"Don't scowl."

And the most common way to change an adjective into an adverb (equivalent to our "strangely," "quietly," "suddenly," etc.) is to put the preposition õ in front of it. This is explained in adverbial formations below."

1. Prepositional Adverbs.

Adverbs share an overlapping relationship with both prepositions and modals. As we have seen in the section on prepositions, the motive preposition can function adverbially with transitive and intransitive verbs:

Le gwenda cely ennyve
The girl inside eats; "the girl eats inside."
Lo hman le betõ amny ennyve
His bread the boy afterwards eats.
Le vaiua zeaamny uafla.
The bird beyond flies.
Le ykwa preby (limny) teo.
The horse beforehand runs.
Li milika darny glisan.
The brook alongside flows.
Li kyam hyny menddohtan.
The book throughout instructs.
These constructions bear a similarity to the prepositional verbs described in the section on prepositions. Differences, though, should be noted:
Ain elo amny fen (as adverb--motive)
It did he behind put. "He put it last."
Amna il nikkably ain elo fen. (as preposition--static)
Behind the table it did he put. "He put it behind the table."
Ain elo amfen. (as prepositional verb)
It he behind-put. "He forgot it, he ignored it."
The distinctions between the preposition used adverbially and the preposition used in a verbal compound can sometimes be subtle and idiomatic. Compare:
Ril gwendan le betõ amny teo.
With respect to the girls the boy afterwards runs. I.e., the girls run first, and then the boy runs.
Ril gwenda li betõ amtteon.
"The boy lags behind the girls." (note the non-volitional construction) Amnyil gwendan le betõ teo.
Behind the girls the boy runs. (He's losing the race)
Il gwendan le betõ htesa
The girls the boy chases. "The boy chases the girls."
2. Modal Adverbs.

The modal, which is covered in the section on verbs, is actually an adverb, which is why it precedes the active verb form. Compare:

Uaflarem ry dehsan.
Flying I desire, "I want to fly" (auxilliary used with infinitive/gerund as object).
Ry dihs uafla.
"I want to fly" (modal/adverbial used with active verb form).
The other modal/adverbs are as follows:
tal, expresses ability to do something: "can."
hme, expresses compulsion or obligation to do something: "must," "should."
ves, expresses permission to do something: "may."
wem, expresses probability of doing something: "may, could, might."
dihs, expresses desire to do something: "want."
beg, expresses cessation of an action: "stop."
mip, expresses inception of an action: "begin."
uab, expresses continuation of an action: "keep."
These words acquired gerundive endings and are treated as volitional and non-volitional verbs:
talrem, "be able to." Volitional.
hmened, "be required to." Non-volitional.
vesned, "be permitted to." Non-volitional.
wemned, "be in a probable position to." Non-volitional.
dihsrem, "want to." Volitional.
begrem, "stop doing." Volitional.
miprem, "begin doing." Volitional.
uabrem, "keep doing." Volitional.
Examples:
Lo uab teo, "he keeps running," "he still runs."
Ry wem eua,, "I might/may/could go."
Ely ves htindel,, "she was allowed to sing."
Der uarsy hdar beg uahza?, "have you stopped hating him?"

3. Temporal Adverbs.

mal, now. Used to express progressive action in the present tense:

Sy dhar mal ennyve? "Are you eating now?"
When it is used in the present perfect, it means "just":
Y mal enyveuar, uary mal ennyve. "I have just eaten."
lal, then. Used in the past tense to mean "then, at that time," corresponding with mal to express progressive action:
Elsy dhar lal kwecy ran nely fyl nantry sedpom?
"Were you cooking when you mother was with you?"
zal, then. Used in the future exactly as it is in the past:
Esy dhar zal kwecy? "Will you be cooking?" (lit. will you then cook?")
NOTE: "Then" as the conjunction "afterwards," or "thereupon," is expressed by ban below.

man, when. Used in all tenses to express the time of an action:

Jõven taitaf man kloika volwen.
"The young man laughs when the old man stumbles." Early Welsh proverb.
ban, then (afterwards). Used in all tense:
Ain elry gombre, ban elry ain kleua.
"I bought it, then I broke it."
ran, while, during. Used in all tenses:
Li zef nelo sõmfy ran ely thindel le uehar.
"The man snored while the woman sang."

3. Deictic Adverbs.

Prepositions that describe directional motion (towards or away from something) can also function adverbially:

elwy, "away" (a motive preposition, shows motion away from)
    Ry elwy atwa, "I walk away."
ary, "towards" (a motive preposition, shows motion towards)
    Ry ary atwa, "I walk forward."
tandy, "from" (a motive prepoition, shows motion from)
    Ry tandy atwa, "I walk from out."

NOTE: How does this differ from the simple preposition? With an object, it's exactly the same thing, isn't it? Ary il aoto ry atwa. "I walk to the car." The difference is in the use of a patient, wherein ary precedes the object, and the use of ary in a sentence without a patient, in which it precedes the verb. The fact of the matter is, Teonaht confuses categories. Prepositions are adverbs, modals are adverbs, too.

The following are explained in length in the chapter on Prepositions, but I recap some of them here. The -ary and -andy prepositions qualify as adverbs of direction:

limnnary, "to the front,"
limnnandy
, "from the front,"
limnnelwy, "away from the front."

hsinvvary, "to the left,"
hsinvvandy, "from the left,
hsinvvelwy, "away from the left."

tessary, "cityward,"
   Ry tessary eua, "I to the city go."
tessandy, "from the city,"
   Li pelnarn tessandy glisan, "the river from the city runs."
tesselwy, "away from the city."
   " Sy tesselwy wem tittalt meuualuo, "You away from the city could perhaps rest."

4. Adverbial Formations.

Õ

Nouns and adjectives may be used in "adverbial formations" to function as adverbs. The most common way to turn an adjective into an adverb is precede it with the particle õ I(from õm, "of," "from"):

L'ykwa õ nimra teo "The horse of quick (quickly) runs."
õ tystra, "suddenly (of sudden)"
õ meua, "quietly,"
õ hadoht, "darkly," "clandestinely,"
õ vlarent, "loudly," "brightly,"
õ dasrydel, "enchantedly."

-lo

A poetic way to turn an adjective into an adverb is with the more recent suffix -lo, implemented for metrical reasons. Õ meua gives you a penultimate rhythm, whereas meualo euanef provides a pleasing dactylic with its antepenultimates. Many constructions in Teonaht capitulate to poetic demands.

vul-

This prefix turns a noun into an adjectival formation to express "with respect to," or "concerning." It functions much like our English suffix -wise--"That was helpful, ideawise"--and it differs from most other adverbs in its occasional position before the subject instead of before the verb. Here are some examples with 1) an intransitive, 2) a copula, and 3) a transitive verb:

1) vulkkempa ly tafwyrn, "Headwise she hurts."
ly vulkkempa tafwyrn, "She headwise hurts."
2) Tokkleuan vulrim lo, "Bonewise fragile he."
Vulrim tokkleuan lo, "Fragile bonewise he."
3) Il belreg elry vuloffikya tazzanda, "The struggle I jobwise won."
Il belreg vuloffikya elry tazzanda, "The struggle jobwise I won."

5. The Verbal Adverb.

A rare, and poetic, formation is the development of the adverb out of the "stative verbs" or "verbal adjectives" described in the Chapter on Verbs. Here, the adverb takes the form of an -ndi verb and the verb, in its infinitive/gerund form, becomes the false object:

Neomrem delo fon (from fondi, "be deep."
"Breathing did he "deep." I.e., "he deeped breathing," "he breathed deeply."
Celil memwa nwehtrem delry nimin (from nimindi, "be swift."
"In the water swimming did I swift." "I swam swiftly in the water."

This is the only time the -ndi verb takes an object, of sorts.

6. A List of Common Adverbs.